smoking
Effetcs of smoking on pregnancy
Low birthweight infants
fetal death and early labour
Increase risk of low placenta and placental separation
Most advices of giving up smoking ignore physical and psychological addiction ,this leads to sense of guilt and anxiety to whom continue to smoke , such sensations of chronic stress affect the pregnancy
So ,it is better to learn how to stop smoking in shred programmes
How smoking affects the pregnancy
It increases fetal carboxyhemoglobin and decreases blood supply to uterus and placenta, both lead to decrease fetal oxygen
Caffeine during pregnancy
In animal studies it increases mutogenic effect of radiation and chemicals
It decreases uterine blood flow
It increases rate of abortion if concentration of paraxanthine is so high in the serum ( 5 cups /day )
Intercourse with pregnancy
whenever abortion or early labor threaten coitus should be avoided
Loss of desire , fear of harm to baby will decrease coitus
Some studies show increase early labor and rupture of membranes other studies don't
So if cramps or spotting follow coitus stop it
late in pregnancy it enhances labor
Bowel habits:
# Constipation is common due to:
*Compression of the lower bowel by uterus or presenting part.
*Delayed colonic movement due to hormonal effect of progesterone.
SO
Bleeding and painful fissure may develop.
Hemorrhoids and prolapse of rectal mucosa may develop.
management:
Increase fluid intake.
dailly exercise.
Mild laxatives.
Bulk producing substances.
Stool softening agents.
